...history of more than twenty political experiences.14 Abdellali Hajjat, “Les quartiers populaires français ne sont pas un ‘désert politique,’” November 20, 2005, online at http://www.oumma.com. This historical reminder notably refers...

...directed at minors. In order to analyse this phenomenon, one must distinguish between three levels, in fact, three scales of temporality. 1. The first one is long term. As analyzed...

...of law and order, the rioters opposed the law and order of force. The two sides fought for the definition of the space where they actually opposed each other: is...

...of the local social order. Sometimes they make looting forays in off-limits commercial malls or even in the centers of big cities (calls for raiding the Champs-Elysées were often to...

...of all ages, only 9,000 have a job. About 2,000 work in the public sector—high by American standards, but close to the French average; 4,900 work in private services, 1,200...

...slur referring to drug lords of North African origin – ed.). Emergency measures were called for by the Prime Minister, including: a five-year plan for fostering social cohesion, appointing commissioners...

...national community. Paradoxically, the very same politicians who preach French uniqueness are increasingly appealing to “communities”: the “immigrant community”, “Algerian community”, “Muslim community”. Successive governments “thank” or “consult” or “give...

...Maghrebian, Muslim, etc.), based on a single defining trait (e.g., facial features, religion) without this definition necessarily corresponding to any specific cultural practices. For this reason, it is important to...

...quarter of a century to curb unemployment, which after peaking at over 13 percent is still running at around 10 percent, more than twice the U.S. or U.K. rate. During...