...receive, in short the treatment that sets them apart and marginalizes marginal youth even more”20Patrick Champagne, op. cit. to the invisible violence of failure in school, a closed job market...

...magazine “Le Monde des Débats”. Co-author or editor of over 20 books, he is known as a specialist on subjects ranging from racism and multiculturalism to social movements and terrorism....

...much since then in its main structural features. A 2002 report2“Ségrégation urbaine et intégration sociale”, by Jean-Paul Fitoussi, Eloi Laurent and Joel Maurice. It is available (in French) at http://www.cae.gouv.fr/rapports/45.htm....

...and made religion a mobilizing force that breathed substance into the formation of a community opposing confessionalism to secularism (laïcité), settling religion—Islam—as a main cleavage in the French society. Even...

...and, with Marie-Claude Blanc-Chaléard and Patrick Weil, L’étranger en questions du Moyen Age à l’an 2000 (Questioning Foreigners, From the Middle Ages to the Millenium), Paris, Editions Le Manuscrit, 2005....

...separatist use of Islam. Thus, in many cases, the imposed ghettoization is accepted and even desired. In other words, self-identification as a Muslim is in many cases a consequence of...

...the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The...

...groups from abroad, pessimism regarding the future, unemployment of parents, discrimination and failure in achieving equality of opportunity. Statements made during the summer by the Minister of Interior, Nicolas Sarkozy,...

...a “macho” way. Skeptical members of the audience observed that non-Muslim CRS police officers and Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy seemed equally macho in their behavior and asked Todorov to provide...