...masculine forms of action.3Stéphane Beaud and Gerard Mauger respectively in interviews with the L’Humanité newspaper on November 21 and 22, 2005. Finally, a fairly common type of explanation for economists...

...symptom of the challenges lying before French authorities and French citizens as a whole. All the dimensions aforementioned do constitute relevant lenses and should ideally be addressed all together in...

...just as likely as progression. But this crisis was not merely economic in nature. It also extended to issues of society and, especially, of identity. Above all, it reflects the...

...20-24 age group, the difference remains striking: only 40% of these young men are employed in France, as compared to roughly 90% in the 30-49 age group. The (relatively) generous...

...so tense that the government decided, after ten days, to apply a law which had been enacted in 1955, during the Algerian war, in order to implement a curfew, mainly...

...the only group with (obviously partial) information. And they certainly can’t substitute for social scientists. Social science in France is almost entirely funded by the state, and social scientists (all...

...In practice, this meant that their scholarly, cultural, and professional futures were determined largely by the place in which they lived. In attempting to improve the image of these suburbs,...

...most typically been branded as the culprit. France’s Muslims, it has been repeatedly alleged, are incapable of integrating because they owe allegiance to a religion which is fundamentally incompatible with...

...from 20% to 30% and obviously affects mainly young people, Maghrebian youth especially. Unemployment, poverty, and dependence on the state are the life-styles of these ghetto residents, those who remained...

...kids, the merry-go-round of officials making immediately forgotten promises and the demonization of their living environment by the media. The riots are geographically and socially very circumscribed: the suburbs, or...